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Using urine diversion toilets (UDVs) to collect urine and feves apart. Storage of urine kills bacterial pathogens encountered in urine – including Salmonella typhi and paratyphi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis – in a relatively short time span: a storage time of five weeks at temperatures below 20 °C or of two weeks at temperatures above 20 °C has been recommended to prevent transmission of mycobacteria when recycling human urine
Feces needs a more complex secondary treatment, including:
The most difficult pathogens to eliminate from the drying feces in the feces vaults are the helminth eggs which can cause helminth infections.
Sources:
Urine diversion dry toilets in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa: acceptance, use and maintenance through users’ eyes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7734370/
Wikipedia Article
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet
Feces needs a more complex secondary treatment, including:
- thermophilic composting where fecal material is composted at over 50 °C, prolonged storage with the duration of 1.5 to two years
- chemical treatment with ammonia from urine to inactivate the pathogens
- solar sanitation for further drying
- heat treatment to eliminate pathogens
The most difficult pathogens to eliminate from the drying feces in the feces vaults are the helminth eggs which can cause helminth infections.
Sources:
Urine diversion dry toilets in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa: acceptance, use and maintenance through users’ eyes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7734370/
Wikipedia Article
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet
